Devices, systems and methods for detecting and evaluating impact events

ABSTRACT

An impact detection device for detecting impacts to a body part of a user and various supporting systems are discussed. In an example, an impact detect device can include a circuit board, a component having a first section and a second section, a battery, and a molding for housing the circuit boat, the battery and the component. The circuit board can include impact detection circuitry including at least two sensors and a communication circuit. A zone of reduced rigidity can connect the first and second sections of the component, with the circuit board secured to the first section. The battery can be secured to the second section of the component allowing for flex relative to the circuit board. The molding can be shaped and dimensioned for mounting to a body part of the user.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of and claims the benefit of priorityunder 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/140,613,filed on Dec. 26, 2013, and titled “DEVICES, SYSTEMS AND METHODS FORDETECTING AND EVALUATING IMPACT EVENTS”, which claims the benefit ofpriority of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/863,555, filed Aug. 8,2013, and titled “DEVICES, SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR DETECTING ANDEVALUATING IMPACT EVENTS,” each of which applications are incorporatedherein by reference in their entireties.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This application relates generally to collecting and processing (e.g.,analyzing) environmental sensor data, and more specifically to devices,systems, and methods for detecting and evaluating impact events.

BACKGROUND

Recent studies have indicated that undiagnosed or untreated impactinjuries sustained during participation in a sport or other physicalactivity can have long lasting negative health implications. Forexample, the long term negative impact of head impacts in contact sportssuch as football or boxing have been well documented in the past coupledecades. However, inexpensive, user friendly devices to assist indetecting and evaluating impacts sustained during sporting events andphysical activity are still not widely available or commonly used.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Some embodiments are illustrated by way of example and not limitation inthe figures of the accompanying drawings in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting a sensor device (also referred to asan impact detection device) that can be used to detect and evaluateimpact events experienced during physical activity.

FIGS. 2A-E are diagrams of an example printed circuit board assembly fora sensor device to detect impact events.

FIGS. 3A-3E are diagrams of an example printed circuit board assemblywith a pre-bent battery attached prior to pre-mold.

FIGS. 4A-E are diagrams of an example pre-molded printed circuit boardand battery assembly with the battery and surrounding pre-mold materialforming a flexible cantilever section.

FIGS. 5A-5E are diagrams of an example pre-molded printed circuit boardwith a cantilever section formed during pre-mold and ready to receive abattery.

FIGS. 6A-6C are diagrams of a pre-molded impact detection device with anexample light pipe and molded activation button.

FIGS. 7A-7E are diagrams of a pre-molded impact detection device with anexample light pipe and activation button in position for finalover-molding.

FIGS. 8A-8E are diagrams of an example over-molded impact detectiondevice with molded activation button and light pipe.

FIGS. 9A-9E are diagrams of an example light pipe without the reminderof the impact detection device.

FIG. 10A is an illustration of an example web-based dashboard interfacefor monitoring users of an impact detection device.

FIG. 10B is an enlarged illustration of an example Hit data graphportion of the interface illustrated in FIG. 10A.

FIGS. 11A-11D are illustrations of multiple example mobile device userinterface screens for monitoring users wearing impact detection devices.

FIG. 12 is an illustration of multiple example orientation detectionscenarios for determining orientation of an impact detection device.

FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating an example method for determiningposition and orientation of an impact detection device worn by a user.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating an example method for rejectingfalse positive impact events detected by an impact detection device.

FIG. 15 is a diagrammatic representation of a machine in the exampleform of a computer system within which a set of instructions for causingthe machine to perform any one or more of the methodologies discussedherein may be executed.

DEFINITIONS

Real-time—For the purposes of this specification and the associatedclaims, the term “real-time” is used to refer to calculations oroperations performed on-the-fly as events occur or as input is receivedby the operable system. However, the use of the term “real-time” is notintended to preclude operations that cause some latency between inputand response, so long as the latency is an unintended consequenceinduced by performance characteristics of the machines (e.g., computers)involved in the operation.

Overview

The following describes various examples of electronic devices includingvarious sensors, such as high-g accelerometers and gyroscopes, todetect, record, and communicate in real-time a sub-concussive event,concussive event, or series of events that could result in a form oftraumatic brain injury (TBI) to an athlete or active user. In anexample, an impact detection device can detect sub-concussive events, asa plurality of such events can lead to concerns especially in the eventof a subsequent more significant impact. Immediate and more reliabledecision-making is made possible by providing access to impact data toassess the likelihood of concussion or other relevant injuries. Thetechnology discussed herein identifies potential traumatic occurrencesto the brain and communicates intuitive and immediate signals inreal-time to smart phones, tablets, and/or computers. The user can alsoreceive feedback directly from the impact detection device, whichincludes indicators and records quantitative data related to impactevents. In an example, the impact detection device can provideindicators for the most recent and/or cumulative events and recordquantitative data related to all events. In cooperation with existingbaseline testing protocols, the technology can enhance the user'sability to detect and effectively triage concussive events. Theindividual impact detection devices can be personalized to account forprior events, be mounted in various ways on or in helmets, goggles, headstraps, headbands, skullcaps, protective pads, and uniforms. In certainexamples, the impact detection device can also measure performanceattributes, such as speed, jumping height, distance traveled, stepstaken, and calories burned, among others.

Detailed Description

Example systems, devices, and methods for detecting and evaluatingimpact events are described. The devices, systems, and methods fordetecting and evaluating impact events in some example embodiments mayprovide numerical and visual analysis of an impact event sustained by auser wearing the device. In some examples, a user can wear a sensordevice during physical activities to monitor for and evaluate impactevents, such as head impacts or impacts to the torso which translate tothe head. In certain examples, the sensor device (impact detectiondevice) can include algorithms, which use various internal sensors toautomatically determine the position and orientation of the device. Inthe following description, for purposes of explanation, numerousspecific details are set forth in order to provide a thoroughunderstanding of example embodiments. It will be evident, however, toone skilled in the art that the present invention may be practicedwithout these specific details. It will also be evident that detectingand evaluating impact events is not limited to the examples provided andmay include other scenarios not specifically discussed.

Given the increased awareness of sports-related brain injuries, anobjective of a sports-focused impact detection and evaluation device andrelated system is to provide a platform that will assist in determiningwhether or not an athlete has sustained an impact that may result in aninjury to the brain. The primary component of the system is an impactdetection device that is worn on the head of the athlete and constantlygathers information regarding the movement of the player's head. Theimpact detection device can also be worn on other parts of an athlete'sbody and provide data that can be correlated to head impacts as well asother performance or impact type data. The data collected can then bebroadcast to an application in a hand-held device ornotebook/desktop/tablet computer that displays real-time informationregarding the level of impact. In addition, this information can beoffloaded to a backend application (a network-based or cloud computingsystem) responsible for maintaining the historical data regarding theathlete. One important aspect of such a system is ensuring the integrityof the data associated with an individual athlete. The association ofthe data with the corresponding athlete can be maintained regardless ofthe number of different impact detection devices the individual wears orhow many different individuals are monitoring the impact detectiondevices.

Collecting and maintaining historical activities, movement, and impactdata for individual users can assist in evaluating the healthimplications of subsequent events. Evaluation of historical data canassist in determining whether a player should be removed from play dueto a particular event.

Impact detection devices can be worn on the head and can be attachedwith a headband, skullcap or be retained in a relevant position by othermethods. As detailed below, the impact detection devices can incorporateaccelerometers and gyroscopes to measure linear and rotationalacceleration. In an example, multiple accelerometers can be used withouta gyroscope to measure linear and rotational acceleration. In certainexamples, the impact detection device can also incorporate amagnetometer (directional information from a magnetometer (compass) canbe used to enhance certain calculations or assist in determiningplacement and orientation of the impact detection device on a user).

LEDs are used to indicate severity of hit based upon pre-definedalgorithms and thresholds and/or user-settable thresholds. Thresholdscan be selected by a user, via a web interface for example, withguidance given based upon height, weight, age, gender, sport played, andprevious history of concussions of the user. In certain example,activity specific profiles can be maintained and used as a guide inassessing impact events for individual users.

An example impact detection device can store data locally and cantransmit the data via wireless communication (e.g., Bluetooth Low Energy(BLE)) to a nearby mobile device. In an example using BLE, summary datacan be transmitted using a broadcast advertisement, which can extend therange of wireless communications. Full-data download can be achievedwith a wireless connection (e.g., BLE-paired connection) or a wiredconnection (e.g., Universal Serial Bus (USB) connection), among otheroptions. Setup, configuration, and updates can be handled over awireless connection or a wired connection.

Data collected by an impact detection device can be sent to anetwork-based system (also referred to as a cloud computing system),which can enable distribution to other registered mobile devices thatpresent proper login credentials. Data can be displayed on the mobiledevice, native PC applications, and/or a web interface; exampleinterfaces are illustrated in FIGS. 10A, 10B, and 11. Data can be storedin a database and can be used for future analysis and/or algorithmdevelopment. Data can be encrypted before being transmitted wirelesslyor to a network-based system. The systems and devices can provideadditional event or historical data to medical personal and coaches tofacilitate treatment or measures to prevent further injuries.

The systems and methods, through web or mobile applications, can provideboth baseline and post-event testing to detect concussion symptoms. Inan example, the web and/or mobile application can implement the SportConcussion Assessment Tool (SCAT, SCAT2 or SCAT3) and/or otherbase-lining tool(s). In March 2013, SCAT2 was superseded by the SCAT3,which provides an assessment for athletes 13 years and older issuedcoincident with the Consensus Statement issued after the 4thInternational Conference on Concussion in Sport held in Zurich inNovember 2012, and a modified version (Child SCAT3) was issued forchildren aged 5 to 12 years. The SCAT, original, 2, or 3, takes about15-20 minutes to complete and computes a composite score (compositescore is comprised of the Glasgow Coma Scale, a Standardized Assessmentof Concussion (SAC) score (cognitive and physical evaluation, delayedrecall), and a balance assessment score (modified Balanced Error ScoringSystem or BESS).

In other examples, a different comprehensive baseline test can be usedto provide a basis for re-testing to assess impact events and evaluaterecovery. The system can also provide a quick assessment sideline test(e.g., less than 5 minutes) for quick evaluation of a player after arecorded impact event. The quick assessment sideline test can be asub-set of a comprehensive baseline test. In an example, the system canimplement 3 different levels of testing, a comprehensive baseline test,a quick sideline assessment that uses a small sub-set of questions fromthe comprehensive baseline test, and a post-game assessment that caninclude an expanded sub-set of questions but less than the comprehensivebaseline test. In certain examples, real-time data from an impactdetection device can be leveraged to assist in determining the level ofassessment testing performed in a given scenario. For example, if theimpact detection device provides an indication of a high severityimpact, a more detailed assessment test may be recommended. Regardlessof the assessment test used, data from the impact detection device canbe integrated into the results to assist in providing a comprehensiveassessment of injury risk.

In some examples, post-impact event assessments can collect andintegrate additional information from an impact detection device. Forexample, part of a post-impact event assessment can include balancetests that can collect information directly from an impact detectiondevice to quantitatively measure performance of a user during a balancetest. Data from the accelerometers and/or gyroscope within the impactdetection device can provide an objective measure of how a user'sbalance (or other physical capabilities) was affected by the impactevent. In an example, baseline balance (or other physical capability)data can be collected during a setup procedure for future comparisonpurposes.

The devices, systems, and methods described herein can also be used forinjury avoidance training. Feedback from impact detection devices can beused during training and practice to correlate specific techniques tohead impacts, which can then be used to modify player behaviors. Forexample, soccer players routinely play the ball with their heads, andoften practice performing such maneuvers. However, it is well known thatsoccer players often “head” the ball incorrectly, which can result in asignificantly increased chance of injury. An impact detection device canbe used during practice to assist in determining correct safe headcontacts from incorrect and potentially unsafe ones. The impactdetection device, data collection capabilities, analysis algorithms, andgraphical displays can be modified for use in the training environment.Data recording during training drills can be collected, analyzed, anddisplayed within a user interface to assist coaches and players inassessing technique. In an example, data collection, analysis, andresults display can occur in near real-time utilizing a mobile computingdevice available on the practice field. The collected data can identifytechniques that result in higher than acceptable impact levels.

In some examples, a user can utilize multiple impact detection devicessimultaneously and the analysis system can integrate the data to bettercharacterize impact events. For example, a user can wear one impactdetection device on their head and another on their torso, which allowsan analysis system to make a differential determination of headacceleration relative to the user's body. Relative acceleration data canbe used to refine injury risk assessments for a particular event.

Example impact detection devices are rechargeable via USB connection andcan make use of activity modes for power reduction when the device isnot being worn or the user is not in active play. In an example, thegyroscopes or accelerometers can be polled to determine if the device isinactive, enabling power to be reduced or the device to automaticallyshut down. The integrated USB connection allows for easy and convenientrecharging options. Most modern automobiles include a USB connectionthat can be used for last minute recharging on the way to an event.Similarly, the commonality of USB recharging options extends to cellphone recharging devices or just about any mobile computing device. Anadditional advantage of the integrated USB is that no additional cableor accessory is required for recharging for wired data download tocommon computing platforms, such as a laptop computer.

The devices, systems, and methods can include the following algorithms,some of which are described in greater detail in reference to specificfigures below:

Impact location

Impact detection

Sensor location

False positive rejection

Data reduction

Risk injury assessment

Translation of coordinates to center of head

Classification of activity levels and/or movement types

The devices, systems, and methods can also provide athletic performancemetrics including, but not limited to:

Step count

Speed (max, min, average)

Calories burned

Max air time

Highest vertical jump

Agility metric

Distance traveled

Example Sensor Devices

FIGS. 1 through 8E illustrate different aspects of an example impactdetection device in various stages of manufacture. The figures areintended to illustrate certain aspects both mechanical and electricalthat play a role in enabling detection and evaluation of impact eventsduring various physical activities.

An objective of the impact detection devices discussed herein is toallow for flexibility and conformance to a wide variety of head shapesand sizes, while having a mechanical structure that protects theelectronic components from mechanical forces, physical impacts, sweat,weather, dirt, debris, dust, and other environmental contaminants. Thepackaging discussed below also creates a comforting feel, enablescharging and data transfer, and attains a quality look and feel, amongother things. Data transfer and charging can be enabled via anintegrated Universal Serial Bus (USB) connector, which utilizes a widelyused standard for connectivity for electronic devices.

In an example, the illustrated device will be worn on the head and canconform to the majority of head shapes and sizes when gently compressedby a mounting mechanism (e.g., head band or skull cap, among other headcoverings or athletic devices). Conforming to various head shapes andsizes, while maintaining a protective structure, provides benefits thatcan include improved data collection, user acceptance, and devicerobustness, among others.

In an example, the impact detection device can incorporate a rigidPrinted Circuit Board Assembly (PCBA) with an integrated male USB Aconnector. The rigid PCBA can be over-molded with a plastic or similarpolymer coating selected to provide certain desired characteristics,such as flexibility through controlled durometer, and environmentalprotection through minimal moisture absorption and high adhesion (thisoperation is also referred to as the pre-mold operation to distinguishit from a second over-molding operation that can be performed on thecomplete impact detection device). In certain examples, the pre-moldincludes a cantilevered section, which can hold a battery and allows forflexing and bending of at least a portion of the overall device. Incertain examples, instead of merely creating the cantilever section, thepre-mold operation can capture the battery on/within the cantileversection and still maintain flexibility at the joint between the PCBA andbattery. In certain examples, both the cantilevered section and thebattery form a moldable section that can conform to a certain radius andflexes in relationship to the PCBA portion of the impact detectiondevice. In an example, PCBA, cantilever section, and battery areinitially formed with the cantilever section and battery curved atapproximately a 110 mm radius. Other initial radii can be used dependingupon the intended wearing location or target anatomical structure. Forexample, the PCBA, cantilever section and battery assembly can be formedinto a tighter radius during manufacture or during use by an end user.In this example, the amount of flex in the cantilever section betweenthe PCBA and the battery can be approximately negative 20 degrees andpositive 10 degrees, with an initial angle of approximately negative 9degrees (an example negative initial angle is illustrated in FIGS. 3B,4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, and 8B).

In certain examples, adhering a flexible metal, or similar material,under both the PCBA and the battery, can create a cantilevered section.In yet other examples, the battery can include a flexible cantileveredsection that can be adhered under the PCBA to provide flexibilitybetween the PCBA and the battery portion. In all of these examples, apre-mold operation can be utilized to capture the various portions ofthe assemblies.

In an example, the pre-mold can include locating features to enableplacement of a light pipe and button actuator assembly. The light pipeand button actuator assembly (an example of which is illustrated inFIGS. 6A-7E) can be held in place with ultra-violet, thermal, ortime-based curing optical grade epoxy, or other suitable adhesive.Alternately, features in the pre-mold can couple with features in thelight pipe to mechanically lock the assembly in place. In otherexamples, no button actuator assembly is used; rather a piece offlexible material is aligned with the underlying button and over-moldedto form an integrated button.

In an example, the battery can be pre-bent into a desired shape and atleast partially encapsulated by the pre-mold process. In this example,the cantilever section surrounds at least a portion of the battery(e.g., FIGS. 4A-4E). In certain examples, the battery can be bent into apermanent shape during or prior to adhering it to the cantileveredsection formed during the pre-mold operation, the permanent shape isselected to match the curvature of the head. In another example, thecantilevered section formed during the pre-mold operation issufficiently thin to allow for bending of the battery section relativeto the PCBA section after the device has been over-molded for finalpackaging. In an example, the cantilever section of pre-mold materialcan be between 2 mm and 7 mm thick, with a preferable thickness as thinas manufacturing techniques and mechanical robustness will allow. In yetother examples, the cantilevered section and the battery can be adeformable metal that allows an end user to permanently orsemi-permanently deform the shape of the impact detection device to adesired configuration suitable for the wearing location. In still otherexamples, the cantilever section can be formed around the battery withthe entire section maintaining a level of flexibility or bendability. Insome examples, materials with different durometer measurements can beselected to obtain the desired level of flexibility versus rigidity. Forexample, a material with a lower durometer measurement may be selectedfor the pre-mold material to favor flexibility over rigidity. In anexample using a higher durometer material, the flexibilitycharacteristics of the flex zone will primarily determine the overallflexibility of the impact detection device. In a certain example, thepre-mold material used can have a durometer measurement between Shore75A and Shore 73D. The different methods and stages of manufacture ofexample impact detection devices are illustrated in reference to FIGS.3A-8E, which are discussed below in a section titled Example MechanicalStructure.

Once the pre-mold and ancillary component assembly is complete, theexample impact detection device can receive a final over-mold with asoft rubbery or similarly malleable material to provide the desiredaesthetics, feel, and environmental protection, at least in thisexample. In other examples, the over-mold material can be harder andless flexible. The male USB A connector may not receive any additionalover-molding during this process, leaving only the connector and theharder pre-mold exposed on one end. The final over-mold also allows forflexing/bending between the PCBA and the cantilevered battery area,making the impact detection device at least segmentally flexible thatallows for conformance to a variety of wearing locations, shapes, andsizes.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting a sensor device 100 (also referredto herein as an impact detection device) that can be used to detect andevaluate impact events experienced during physical activity. The sensordevice 100 can include a processing and communication module 102, agyroscope 110, an accelerometer 112, LEDs 114, an antenna 116, one ormore timing devices 118, a USB connector 120, optional ESD protectioncircuitry 122, a charger 124, a power regulator 126, a push button 128,optional battery protection circuitry 130, and a battery 140.

The processing and communication module 102 can include a communicationmodule (Bluetooth and/or other wireless) 106, a memory device 108, and aprocessor 104. The communication module 106 can be used to operativelycouple and communicate between the sensor device 100 and one or moreexternal computing or storage devices, although other types and numbersof communication networks or systems with other types and numbers ofconnections and configurations can be used. The processing andcommunication module 102 includes one or more processors 104 internallycoupled to the memory 108 by a bus or other links, although othernumbers and types of systems, devices, components, and elements in otherconfigurations and locations can be used. The one or more processors(e.g., processor 104) in the sensor device 100 can execute a program ofstored instructions for one or more aspects of the present technology asdescribed and illustrated by way of the examples herein, although othertypes and numbers of processing devices and logic could be used and theprocessor could execute other numbers and types of programmedinstructions. The memory 108 in the sensor device 100 can store theseprogrammed instructions for one or more aspects of the presenttechnology as described and illustrated herein, although some or all ofthe programmed instructions could be stored and executed elsewhere. Avariety of different types of memory storage devices, such as asolid-state memory, can be used for the memory 108 in the sensor device100. The memory 108 can be either internal to the microprocessor, anexternal integrated circuit or a tangible storage media device. In anexample, the memory 108 can also be used to store impact event data aswell as other metrics.

Although an example of the sensor device 100 is described herein, it canbe implemented on any suitable computer system or computing device. Itis to be understood that the devices and systems of the examplesdescribed herein are for exemplary purposes, as many variations of thespecific hardware and software used to implement the examples arepossible, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the relevantart(s).

The accelerometers 112 can include a low-g (for example±16 g) three-axisaccelerometer to capture linear acceleration in three axes, althoughother types, such as a high-g accelerometer (for example>=±200 g), andnumbers of inertial measurement units could be used. In an example, theaccelerometers 112 can include two (or more) three-axis accelerometers.Accelerometers 112 can record linear acceleration, which can be used inimpact severity calculations. Linear acceleration can also be used inevent detection, device position and orientation calculations,power-saving mode detection, and button tap interface. In certainconfigurations, the accelerometers 112 (at least two accelerometersspatially separated) can also detect angular acceleration, which can beused in event detection, device position and orientation calculations,and power saving mode detection.

The gyroscope 110 can record angular velocity to be used in impactseverity determinations. The angular velocity can also be used in otheralgorithms, such as event detection and device position and orientationcalculations. The gyroscope 110 can be a single axis, multi-axis, or acombination of single axis gyroscopes. In certain examples, thegyroscope 110 and accelerometers 112 can be combined into a singlepackage.

The communication module 106 can be used to interface with externalcomponents. Impact event data as well as other metrics can betransmitted to nearby wireless devices to provide real-time informationto the user. A wireless interface can be implemented as BLE or othercurrent or future developed wireless standard. In an example, use of lowpower wireless standards, such as BLE, can assist in reducing overallpower consumption. In other examples, the communication module 106 cansupport one or more wireless communication technologies, such asBluetooth low energy, Bluetooth, Zigbee, WiFi, NFC, RFID, or any otherexisting or future standards.

The communication module 106 can also control communication over a wiredconnection, such as supplied by USB connector 120. The USB connector 120can include a connection for charging and/or communications, such as anintegral USB male connector. The USB connector 120 can be integral withthe PCB with contacts formed by pads on the PCB surface. The USBconnector 120 can be a plastic USB male connector with embedded contactsthat is over-molded to become an integral component of the impactdetection devices. Alternative connectors for the USB connector 120 caninclude a female micro-USB connector, a headphone jack, a proprietary(non-standard) connector, or other connections with data transmissionand charging capabilities.

LEDs 114 can be used as indicators for impact event severity, batterystatus, data transfer, charging, wireless connection, and power cyclestatus. LEDs 114 can use colors or other methods, such as blink rate orintensity, to indicate severity. LEDs 114 can include indicators fortriage (red, yellow, green). Alternatively, LEDs 114 can include twoLEDs can be used (red/green) with mixing to achieve yellow. A light pipedesign for improved mixing, uniform illumination intensity, and shapedefinition can also be included. In certain examples, the LEDs 114 canbe replaced with Bi-stable display technology for indicators of an event(e.g. E-skin) or an integral display (such as LCD or E-ink).

The antenna 116 can be used to transmit and receive signals over awireless communication connection. The power regulator 126 can provide aregulated voltage to the system 100. The push button 128 can provide auser interface to the system 100. The USB connector 120 can enablecharging and data transfer. The charger 124 can route power from anexternal power source to a rechargeable battery, such as battery 140.The battery protection circuit 130 can prevent battery overvoltage,under-voltage, or over-current conditions. The timing devices 118 can becrystals or similar timing devices used for maintaining real-time clock,communication timing, and other microcontroller timing functionality.

The impact detection devices can also include hardware to facilitatepower harvesting, wireless power transfer, and sensors to sense when theimpact detection device is placed on the head or other body part oruniform of a user (e.g. capacitive, thermal, infrared, reflectance).

The impact detection device can link to a stand-alone wireless capabledevice (e.g. smart phone, computer, wrist-worn device (e.g. watch forreferee)). An impact detection device can link to single or multiplemobile devices, with security code control. Data delivered can besummary or full event data. Two-way communication capability to updaterisk assessment criteria on an impact detection device based on latestupdates in algorithms is also supported by the hardware described above.Data offloaded from an impact detection device can be GPS tagged, forexample by a smartphone, before upload to network-based system (e.g.cloud).

Event data generated by an impact detection device can be date and timestamped with actual date and time or date and time relative to currentconnection/download time, among others. Impact detection device clockcan be synchronized when linked to wireless device (e.g. smart phone).

Example Mechanical Structure

The following discussion and associated figures describe a particularexample mechanical structure design to provide a solution to variousproblems. The first problem addressed by the illustrated design involvesbalancing trade-offs between flexibility and robustness. A completelyflexible electronic device is likely to encounter reliability anddurability problems during real world use. In contrast, a completelyrigid device can diminish comfort, fit, accuracy, and use of this typeof device. The following describes a segmentally flexible device thatprovides sufficient flexibility to provide user comfort and good fit(promoting improved measurement accuracy) while maintaining rigid robustpackaging for critical components.

Printed Circuit Board Assembly (PCBA)

FIG. 2A is a top view diagram of an example printed circuit boardassembly for a device to detect impact events. FIG. 2B is a side viewdiagram of an example printed circuit board assembly for a device todetect impact events. FIG. 2C is a bottom view diagram of an exampleprinted circuit board assembly for a device to detect impact events.FIG. 2D is a front view diagram of an example printed circuit boardassembly for a device to detect impact events. FIG. 2E is an isometricview diagram of an example printed circuit board assembly for a deviceto detect impact events. FIGS. 2A-2E illustrate the PCBA 200 including amale USB A connector 202.

Integrating the male USB A connector 202 into the PCBA 200 allows for athin packaging solution with integrated communication and chargingcapabilities. In this example, the PCBA 200 is less than 1.6 mm inthickness. In contrast, other potential solutions include a micro-USBmale connector, a micro-USB female receptacle that has a minimum of 2.80mm on top of the PCB structure; a ⅛″ (3.18 mm) female receptacle(headphone/microphone connection) has a minimum of 3.50 mm on top of aPCBA structure. The illustrated example using a male USB A connector 202results in the thinnest non-proprietary connector integrated into thePCBA 200 with over-molding/pre-molding to allow it to fit properly intothe respective female receptacle.

The male USB A connector 202 allows for connectivity with a wide varietyof commonly available computing devices (e.g., laptops, desktops,tablets, etc.). The female counterpart is commonly integrated into PCsand Laptops, some tablets, cable connections to mobile device (phonesand tablets), most new automobiles and other modes of transportation,extra battery packs, and wall plugs for charging USB devices. The maleUSB A connector 202 integrated into the PCBA 200 with a hardover-mold/pre-mold is extremely robust and easily manufactured. In anexample, the male USB A connector 202 includes connector pins 204(illustrated in FIGS. 2B and 2C in particular).

The PCBA 200 illustrated in FIGS. 2A-2E contains all essentialelectronic components for a functional impact detection device(dosimeter) except a power source (e.g., battery). Separation of thePCBA 200 and battery 304 creates a natural flex zone (illustrated inFIGS. 4A-4C as flex zone 406 and in FIGS. 5A-5E as flex zone 506).

PCBA and Battery Assembly

FIGS. 3A-3E are diagrams of an example printed circuit board assemblywith a pre-bent battery attached prior to pre-mold. FIG. 3A is a topview diagram of the example PCBA and battery assembly 300. FIG. 3B is aside view diagram of the example PCBA and battery assembly 300. FIG. 3Cis a bottom view diagram of the example PCBA and battery assembly 300.FIG. 3E is a perspective view diagram of the example PCBA and batteryassembly 300. In these figures, a pre-bent battery 304 is electricallyconnected with the PCBA 200 prior to a pre-mold operation to seal andcapture the PCBA and battery assembly 300. The battery connection 306 isformed to allow for flex between the battery 304 and the PCBA 200.

Pre-Molded PCBA and Battery Assembly

FIGS. 4A-4E are diagrams of an example pre-molded printed circuit boardand battery assembly 400 with the battery 404 and surrounding pre-moldmaterial forming a flexible cantilever section 402. FIG. 4A is a topview diagram of the example pre-molded PCBA and battery assembly 400.FIG. 4B is a side view diagram of the example pre-molded PCBA andbattery assembly 400. FIG. 4C is a bottom view diagram of the examplepre-molded PCBA and battery assembly 400. FIG. 4D is a front viewdiagram of the example pre-molded PCBA and battery assembly 400. FIG. 4Eis a perspective view diagram of the example pre-molded PCBA and batteryassembly 400. In this example, the pre-mold operation is utilized toform a cantilever section 402 that integrates the battery 404.

Hermetically Sealed PCBA—Pre-Molding

FIGS. 5A-5E are diagrams of an example partially completed impactdetection device 500 including a pre-molded printed circuit board with acantilever section 502 formed during pre-mold and ready to receive abattery. FIG. 5A is a top view diagram of an example hermetically sealedprinted circuit board assembly for a device to detect impact events.FIG. 5B is a side view diagram of an example hermetically sealed printedcircuit board assembly for a device to detect impact events. FIG. 5C isa bottom view diagram of an example hermetically sealed printed circuitboard assembly for a device to detect impact events. FIG. 5D is a frontview diagram of an example hermetically sealed printed circuit boardassembly for a device to detect impact events. FIG. 5E is an isometricview diagram of an example hermetically sealed printed circuit boardassembly for a device to detect impact events. Elements of the impactdetection device 500 illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5E include a cantileverportion 502 that creates a controllable flex zone 506 between a batteryand the PCBA 200 (not specifically illustrated in FIGS. 5A-5E).

In this and other examples, hard molding material can be used in thepre-molding operation to encapsulate all components of the PCBA 200 andprotect them from vibration, blunt impact, shear forces, and otherdestructive forces. The pre-molding operation can provide an overallshape of the device to fit head contour. In an example, an injectionmoldable macromolecule polymer material can be used for the pre-moldingoperation. The pre-molding can hermetically seal all components that maybecome damaged by moisture, water, or other liquids. In some examples,the pre-molding in combination with the over-molding provides a hermeticseal for the electronic components.

FIGS. 5A-5E illustrate an example with a cantilever portion 502 moldedto hold the battery (not shown). In another example, illustrated forexample in FIGS. 4A-4E, the battery 404 can be encapsulated by thepre-molding (cantilever portion 402). These battery arrangements canprovide strength to the overall device, strength to the flex zone toensure the battery leads (306) and solder joints are not stressed, andallow an amount of flex to be varied according to application. Theflexibility of a flex zone, such as flex zone 406 or 506, between thePCBA 200 and the battery 304 or 404 can be tuned based on materialthickness, material properties, and mechanical design features.

The pre-mold can provide, along with the battery 304 or 404 (beingbent), the curved shape of the device. It is desirable for the device tobe naturally curved and flexible so that it can accommodate a widevariety of head shapes and alternative wearing locations on an end user.With natural differences in head shapes if the device does not flex itmay cantilever tangent to the natural curve encountered in some wearinglocations, which can impact measurement accuracy. It can also cause asmaller area of contact in which the device mounts to the head and canbe more noticeable by the wearer because the force of the head mountingsystem and/or helmet.

FIGS. 6A-6C are diagrams of a pre-molded impact detection device 600with an example light pipe 602 and molded activation button 604. FIG. 6Ais a top view diagram of an example hermetically sealed printed circuitboard and battery assembly for a device to detect impact events. Asmentioned above, these examples include a battery within the pre-mold,instead of creating a cantilever portion to hold the battery. FIG. 6B isa side view diagram of an example hermetically sealed printed circuitboard and battery assembly for a device to detect impact events. FIG. 6Cis an isometric view diagram of an example hermetically sealed printedcircuit board and battery assembly for a device to detect impact events.In this example, these figures also illustrate a light pipe 602 and amolded in activation button 604.

Light Pipe

FIG. 7A is a top view diagram of a pre-molded impact detection devicewith an example light pipe 710 and button actuator 712. FIG. 7B is aside view diagram of a pre-molded impact detection device with anexample light pipe 710 and button actuator 712. FIG. 7C is a bottom viewdiagram of a pre-molded impact detection device with an example lightpipe and activation button. FIG. 7D is a front view diagram of apre-molded impact detection device with an example light pipe 710 andbutton actuator. FIG. 7E is an isometric view diagram of a pre-moldedimpact detection device with an example light pipe 710 and buttonactuator 712. FIGS. 7A-7E also illustrate additional components of anexample impact detection device, such as cantilevered section 502,battery 304, and flexible battery connections (leads) 306. In thisexample, the battery 304 is mounted on the cantilevered section 502, inother examples the battery 304 can be encapsulated when the cantileveredsection 402 (not shown) is formed. The flexible battery connections 306allow for flexure between the PCBA and the battery 304.

The light pipe 710 can be a coated transparent structure with openingsin coating for light input/output forcing input light to undergoreflections sufficient to mix and uniformly distribute multiple sourcesto produce an output. The light pipe 710 can be circularly symmetricwith a light source at the center. A hemisphere can be included abovethe light sources to provide a reflecting surface. The light pipe 710includes metallized coating for reflection, removed at top and bottomplanar surfaces. In an example, the hemisphere positioned over the LEDsto direct light into a circularly symmetric structure with engineeredinner and outer surface geometries that provide mixing and uniformillumination in a vertically constrained environment. In certainexamples, the hemisphere, diameter and height, can be varied to achievethe desired level of light mixing. Light sources used with the lightpipe 710 can include more than one source with different spectralcharacteristics. In one mode, a single LED can be used (turned on) for auniform single color. In another mode, multiple LEDs can be used (turnedon) for uniform color mixing.

FIGS. 9A-9E illustrate an alternative light pipe design isolated fromthe example impact detection device structure.

FIG. 9A is a top view diagram of an example light pipe without thereminder of the impact detection device. FIG. 9B is a side view diagramof an example light pipe without the reminder of the impact detectiondevice. FIG. 9C is a bottom view diagram of an example light pipewithout the reminder of the impact detection device. FIG. 9D is a frontview diagram of an example light pipe without the reminder of the impactdetection device. FIG. 9E is an isometric view diagram of an examplelight pipe without the reminder of the impact detection device.

The light pipe can provide a method to distribute illumination providedby LEDs through semi-translucent over-mold materials and can integratean activation button (see FIG. 7A button actuator 712). The light pipecan enable color mixing to achieve an array of colors from a limitednumber of LEDs (e.g., red and green). Light pipes can also be adapted todisplay trademarks or logos.

Over-Molded Final Assembly

FIGS. 8A-8E are diagrams of an example over-molded impact detectiondevice 800 with molded activation button 802 and translucent light pipecovering 804. FIG. 8A is a top view diagram of an example impactdetection device 800 with a final soft over-mold. FIG. 8B is a side viewdiagram of an example impact detection device 800 with a final softover-mold. FIG. 8C is a bottom view diagram of an example impactdetection device 800 with a final soft over-mold. FIG. 8D is a frontview diagram of an example impact detection device 800 with a final softover-mold. FIG. 8E is an isometric view diagram of an example impactdetection device 800 with a final soft over-mold. In this example, thediagrams illustrate a translucent portion 804 of the over-mold coveringthe light pipe as well as a molded-in activation button 802. In thisexample, the over-mold provides translucence for illumination from theLED sources through the material. The over-mold does can be selected tolimit impact on the spectral characteristics of the emitted light.Alternatively, the spectral characteristics (e.g., mixing) of the lightsource can be adjusted to account for any impacts of the over-mold onthe emitted light. The over-mold also appears opaque until illuminatedby the internal light sources (e.g., LEDs).

The final over-mold material can provide a comfortable feel for userwhile both wearing and handling the device. The final over-mold can alsogive definition to the overall device. In certain examples, the finalover-molded impact detection device can include features to assist insecuring the device within a head mounting system (e.g., a head band ora skull cap, among others). The figures do not include specific featuresfor securing the device within the head mounting system. Finally, theover-mold material and process is designed to provide an extra layer ofmoisture, water, and other chemical resistance.

Example Monitoring and Evaluation Interfaces

FIG. 10A is an illustration of an example web-based dashboard interface1000 for monitoring users of an impact detection device. The interface1000 can include multiple information areas or zones for display andinteraction with data generated from one or more impact detectiondevices. In an example, the interface 1000 can include information zonessuch as: an activity and impact timeline 1005, an Impact AssessmentSystem (IAS) score 1010, impact metrics 1015 including the HIC score,maximum linear acceleration, maximum rotational acceleration and maximumrotational velocity among others, an alert section 1020, highest IASscore today 1021, hit count 1022, an impact area illustration 1025, animpact vector indicator 1027, a impact data graph 1030, and a hitrecovery section 1040. The hit recovery section 1040 can include arecovery test button 1045 that can initiate an interactive survey toevaluate a player's cognitive functions, among other things. In anexample, the interactive survey can include all or a portion of a SCAT3assessment. The impact timeline 1005 can use a bar graph to illustratetime-stamped impact events. The impact timeline 1005 can be scaled invarious time increments depending upon available data or userpreferences. The impact timeline 1005 can display historical data orimpact events as they occur or both. In an example, selecting a bar orevent within the impact timeline 1005 can display details regarding theselected event or group of events. The impact area illustration 1025 canprovide a graphical illustration of where the detected impact occurredon a player's head, or an axis of rotation. For instances where devicesare worn on the torso and head, the illustration can be expanded toinclude location of torso hits coupled with resulting head accelerationvectors. In certain examples, the impact area illustration 1025 caninclude an animation illustrating one or more impact events. The impactviewer can also include an impact vector indicator 1027 that can provideinformation on the direction of rotation imparted to the body during therecorded impact.

The IAS score 1010 provides a numeric estimation of the magnitude of thedetected impact on a numeric point scale. In an example, the IAS score1010 can represent a scoring system that translates any injury metriccurve to a quantized set of values. The IAS point scale translates toany injury risk curve by quantizing the scale based upon percentlikelihood of injury, which allows for future adaptation of thealgorithm while maintaining a consistent scale. For example, values canbe based upon the percent likelihood of injury. The injury metric curvecan be broken up into sections based upon the percent likelihood ofinjury. Each section is given part of a continuous range. This rangemaps the percent likelihood of injury to a set of values that areindependent of the metric used to calculate the percent likelihood ofinjury. In other examples, a different scale can be used, multiplescales can be combined, or an actual force measurement can be provided.In certain examples, a piecewise linear curve with higher sensitivityfor low level hits can be used to enable a user to distinguish betweenlow-level impacts, such as may be encountered during training sessions.Traditional impact metrics have a tendency to zero out low-levelimpacts, reducing the ability to use these metrics for things liketraining

The HIC score listed in impact metrics 1015 is the Head InjuryCriterion, which is a measure of the likelihood of injury from an impactbased upon acceleration sustained over time. The highest IAS score today1021 highlights the biggest impact recorded that day (or in anyconfigurable timeframe). Hit count 1022 can indicate the number of hitsreceived over a specified period of time by the particular player. Thealert section 1020 can list event or other information a user may beinterested in, such as high count of hits in one time period or biggestimpact on record.

FIG. 10B is an enlarged illustration of an example impact data graph1030 portion of the interface 1000 illustrated in FIG. 10A. Asillustrated in FIG. 10B, the Impact Data graph 1030 can includemeasurements provided by sensors within the impact detection deviceand/or calculations performed based on measurements. In this example,X-axis, Y-axis, and Z-axis rotations are depicted along with theresultant magnitude.

FIGS. 11A-11D are illustrations of multiple example mobile device userinterface screens for monitoring users wearing impact detection devices.The interfaces illustrated in FIGS. 11A-11D include interactiveinformation zones for displaying and manipulating data generated by oneor more impact detection devices. The interactive information zones areresponsive to user input that can vary based on the type of mobiledevice being used (e.g., touch input versus cursor-based input). FIG.11A illustrates user interface 1110 that illustrates an exampleinterface depicting data for multiple team members with variousinformation graphics and icons providing present and historic data. Inan example system, the interface 1110 can be generated by a mobileapplication accessing a network-based server collecting and maintainingdata across the multiple team members. In another example, the mobileapplication generating interface 1110 can also receive data directlyfrom impact detection devices over a wired (e.g., USB) or wireless(e.g., Bluetooth) communication interface. Data received directly fromimpact detection devices can also be synchronized by the mobileapplication with a network-based server. User interface 1110 can includeinterface elements such as player display 1112 that can include LatestIAS Score and Highest IAS Score displays and impact detection devicestatus indicator 1114. The impact detection device indicator 1114provides indications such as last connection time and battery status,among other things. The user interface 1110 can include navigationbuttons 1116 that allow navigation between different user interfacesillustrated in FIGS. 11A-11D. In another example, the interface 1110 (aswell as interfaces 1120 and 1130) can be generated from data collectedby the mobile device directly from one or more impact detection devices.FIG. 11B illustrates user interface 1120 that illustrates an exampleindividual player interface on a mobile device. The interface 1120 caninclude additional data on the individual players and an enlarged viewof the information depicted in interface 1110. In this example,interface 1120 includes elements such as an IAS Score 1122 display, aHit Area display 1124, a Hit Metrics display 1126, and an impact datadisplay 1128. The displays on interface 1120 correspond to displaysdiscussed in reference to FIG. 10A. The interface 1120 within the impactdata display 1128 can depict actual output from an accelerometer orgyroscope over a period of time. The illustrated period of time caninclude an impact event to assist in visualizing the extent of theimpact.

FIGS. 11C and 11D illustrate user interfaces 1130 and 1140 that provideadditional example displays for individual player data. For example,interfaces 1130 and 1140 include histogram display 1132 that can displaytime stamped IAS score data over a period of time. Interface 1140illustrates chart filters 1142 that enable filtering of the datadisplayed in histogram display 1132.

Example Evaluation Methods

FIG. 13 is a flowchart illustrating an example method 1300 fordetermining an orientation and location of an impact detection deviceworn by a user. In an example, the method 1300 can include operationssuch as: analyzing movement of a user wearing an impact detection deviceat 1310, determining a heading of the user at 1320, filtering outextraneous movements of the user (e.g., head movements and movementsassociated with walking) at 1330, determining whether additional headingmeasurements should be gathered at 1350, and calculating a deviceorientation with respect to the user at 1360. The method 1300 can beperformed on-board an impact detection device, such as impact detectiondevice 100, or on an offline computing system with data obtained fromimpact detection device 100. The following example is discussed asoccurring on-board the impact detection device 100.

In an example, the method 1300 can begin at 1310 with the impactdetection device 100 analyzing movement of a user wearing the impactdetection device 100. The impact detection device 100 can obtain andanalyze inputs such as gait and frequency of movement to determine whenthe user is walking During periods of sustained movement, such aswalking, the method 1300 can continue at 1320 with the impact detectiondevice performing a heading calculation based upon acceleration vectorsgathered by sensors within the impact detection devices, such as a3-axis accelerometer 112. At 1330, the method 1300 can continue with theimpact detection device 100 using the gyroscope 110 to filter outextraneous movement, such as movements associated with the head turning.The impact detection device 100 can gather a heading measurementperiodically whenever a walking pattern is detected in order to improvethe accuracy and remove any erroneous calculations from the headingestimate. At 1350, the method 1300 can optionally include a decisionpoint to determine if additional heading measurements need to begathered. If additional heading measurements are desired, then method1300 can loop back to operation 1310. In certain examples, statisticalmethods and confidence weight can be applied to new data as it is addedto the dataset. In an example, results of the movement calculations canbe stored within memory 108. At 1360, the method 1300 can conclude withthe impact detection device 100 calculating a device orientation inreference to a center of gravity of a user, or some other referencepoint.

FIG. 12 illustrates multiple example orientation scenarios that can bedetermined with method 1300. Once the heading is known it is used inconjunction with the gravity vector to determine the orientation of thesensor. An illustration of this concept is provided in FIG. 12.

Case 1: The user places the sensor behind their right ear with USBpointing clockwise.

Gravity vector: Y−

Heading vector X: X+60%

Heading vector Z: Z+40%

Case 2: The user takes sensor off and places it back on rotatedclockwise to behind the back left ear with USB pointing clockwise.

Gravity vector: Y−

Heading vector X: X−60%

Heading vector Z: Z+40%

Case 3: User rotates device so that the USB is now pointingcounter-clockwise and places it back behind the right ear.

Gravity vector: Y+

Heading vector X: X−60%

Heading vector Z: Z+40%

Additional Evaluation Algorithms:

Adaptive thresholds based on network-based (e.g. cloud) data andconcussion history of individual. In an example, the impact eventhistory and medical history for an individual can be used to adaptivelymodify thresholds related to event capture triggering, indicator lightoperation, and the injury risk assessment score. Adaptive thresholds canbe based on time-weighted sums of individual event severity or injuryrisk assessment scores, with more recent event weighted more heavilythan older events. In some examples, the sideline and post-gameassessments, as compared to the baseline, can also impact the adaptivethresholds. Established and evolving return to play criteria can beutilized in conjunction with adaptive thresholds.

Event detection using combination of linear and rotational acceleration.In an example, various combinations of the following measurementcriteria can be utilized as trigger criteria for event detection:

Linear acceleration exceeding a threshold

Linear acceleration exceeding a threshold for a set duration of time

Rotational velocity exceeding a threshold

Rotational velocity exceeding a threshold for a set duration of time

Rotational acceleration exceeding a threshold

Rotational acceleration exceeding a threshold for a set duration of time

The trigger criteria can be combined into predefined patterns to refineevent detection capabilities. In addition to the trigger criteria listabove, individual axes or vector magnitudes can also be used for eventdetection. The trigger criteria, combinations of criteria, and patternscan also be used for false trigger rejection. For example, eventdetection can be implemented as linear or rotational accelerationexceeding a threshold, while false trigger rejection factors in a timeduration or a particular pattern occurring or not occurring. In anexample, a pattern can include a frequency content of a signal, presenceor absence of a signal from components designed to detect changes innearby electromagnetic properties, or signals to distinguish between adevice mounted on the head, uniform or other body part versus a devicethat is not mounted. A signal to distinguish between a mounted deviceand a non-mounted device can include a signal generated by a connectionin a headband (e.g., a connection that the USB A male connector caninsert into). False trigger rejection can also examine the frequency ofan impact to determine if it is within specific ranges consistent withan impact event. Detecting an impact detection device is in free fallcan also be used as a false trigger rejection, as such an occurrence mayindicate that the device was thrown in the air.

Algorithms to determine if device is mounted on a head (can tie intofalse trigger rejection algorithms), see discussion of FIG. 14 below foran example. Determining whether a device, such as the impact detectiondevice 100, is actually being worn on an appropriate body part, such asthe head, can be performed in numerous ways. In some examples,additional sensors can be included in the device, such as proximitysensors, capacitive sensors, infrared sensors, or some other type ofthermal sensor. However, these examples require additional electronicsand processing that can result in a more expensive and complicateddevice.

In an example, activity specific profiles can be developed to assistwith outlier detection. Activity specific profiles can be comparedagainst a user's average impacts to determine when a specific impactevent is more severe than the typical hits the user experiences during aparticular activity. Activity specific profiles can include nationalaverages or other baseline type data to assist in comparing specificimpact events. In certain examples, activity specific profiles can alsobe broken down by gender, age, body size, or other characteristics thatmay impact acceptable average impacts. Alerts can be generated when aparticular impact event exceeds acceptable averages based on activityprofile.

In an example, the impact detection devices can include power savingmodes based upon user activity levels (detect walking gate, peakacceleration levels, frequency, etc.). Activity levels can be monitoredby sampling acceleration over time. Metrics such as maximumacceleration, frequency of acceleration, and other characteristics canbe used to determine when different sensors should be enabled. Afterlong periods of inactivity the impact detection device can be placedinto an ultra-low power mode.

In certain examples, it may be advantageous to translate measurementsprovided by an impact detection device to a person's center of gravity.Translation to center of gravity and head referenced axes can beaccomplished by removing the rotational component of acceleration fromthe linear component, which depends on the radial distance from thecenter of mass of the object and the rotational acceleration. Inexamples where the impact detection device is mounted on a user's head,accurate measurement of how far the sensors are from the center ofgravity of the head need to be determined. Methods for determining thedistance from the impact detection device to the center of gravity caninclude using gender and age specific head size models or basic headmeasurements during an impact detection device set up procedure.

FIG. 14 is a flowchart illustrating an example method 1400 for rejectingfalse positive impact events detected by an impact detection device. Inan example, the method 1400 can include operations such as: receiving asignal at 1410, determining a signal strength at 1420, analyzing signalstrength at 1430, determining whether device is on a body part at 1440,rejecting impact data at 1450, and processing impact data at 1460. Themethod 1400 can include more or fewer operations than those depicted inFIG. 14 and the illustrated operations can be performed in a differentorder in some examples. Method 1400 is discussed and intended to beperformed on the impact detection device 100; however, it is possible toperform the operations discussed in reference to method 1400 on acomputing device external to the impact detection device 100.

In an example, an impact detection device, such as device 100, caninclude a secondary antenna and receiver for detecting signal strengthof the primary antenna 116. The secondary antenna/receiver can be a fullantenna/receiver added to the PCBA assembly. In another example, thesecondary antenna/receiver can be a PCB trace with voltage monitoringvia a discrete component (such as an analog to digital converter (ADC)).In other examples, the ADC can be integral to the microprocessor, whichcan monitor voltage. The secondary antenna and receiver can be used todetect the signal strength of the primary antenna, which can be tuned toprovide an indication of whether the impact detection device 100 isbeing worn by the user. In an example, the primary antenna 116 can betuned to provide maximum signal strength when the device 100 is incontact with a user's head (or other body part). When the device 100 isnot in contact with a user's head, the primary antenna 116 becomesdetuned and the signal strength (power output) drops. In an example, thesecondary antenna and receiver can be tuned to only register a signalwhen the primary antenna 116 is producing a signal above a thresholdlevel, with the threshold tuned to indicate contact with a body part.

In this example, the method 1400 can begin at 1410 with a secondaryantenna/receiver component of the impact detection device 100 receivinga signal from the primary antenna 116. At 1420, the method 1400 cancontinue with the processor 104 determining signal strength of thesignal measured on the secondary antenna, the signal received from theprimary antenna 116. In another example, the secondary antenna/receivercomponent may be tuned to provide an essentially binary output, whichwould not require any processing by the processor 104. At 1430, themethod 1400 can continue with the processor 104 analyzing the receivedsignal strength to determine whether it exceeds a pre-defined threshold.At 1440, the method 1400 can continue with the processor 104determining, based on analysis of the signal strength, whether theimpact detection device 100 is in contact with a user's body part. Incertain examples, the impact detection device 100 may be tuned for closeproximity to a body part rather than direct contact. For example, theimpact detection device 100 can be tuned to be worn attached to ahelmet, to protective padding, or within a headband that puts someamount of padding between the user and the impact detection device 100.The pre-defined threshold can be tuned to accommodate differentlocations.

If at 1440, the processor 104 determines that the impact detectiondevice 100 is in contact with (or close proximity to) a user's bodypart, the method 1400 can continue at 1460 with the processor 104processing any detected impact data. However, if at 1440, the processor104 determines that the impact detection device 100 is not in contactwith (or close proximity to) a user's body part, the method 120 cancontinue at 1450 with the processor 104 rejecting any detected impactdata, thus identifying false positives. In another example, theprocessor 104 can process detected impact data at 1450, but tag the datato indicate that it is likely a false positive.

Modules, Components and Logic

Certain embodiments are described herein as including logic or a numberof components, modules, or mechanisms. Modules may constitute eithersoftware modules (e.g., code embodied on a machine-readable medium or ina transmission signal) or hardware modules. A hardware module is atangible unit capable of performing certain operations and may beconfigured or arranged in a certain manner. In example embodiments, oneor more computer systems (e.g., a standalone, client or server computersystem) or one or more hardware modules of a computer system (e.g., aprocessor or a group of processors) may be configured by software (e.g.,an application or application portion) as a hardware module thatoperates to perform certain operations as described herein.

In various embodiments, a hardware module may be implementedmechanically or electronically. For example, a hardware module maycomprise dedicated circuitry or logic that is permanently configured(e.g., as a special-purpose processor, such as a field programmable gatearray (FPGA) or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)) toperform certain operations. A hardware module may also compriseprogrammable logic or circuitry (e.g., as encompassed within ageneral-purpose processor or other programmable processor) that istemporarily configured by software to perform certain operations. Itwill be appreciated that the decision to implement a hardware modulemechanically, in dedicated and permanently configured circuitry, or intemporarily configured circuitry (e.g., configured by software) may bedriven by cost and time considerations.

Accordingly, the term “hardware module” should be understood toencompass a tangible entity, be that an entity that is physicallyconstructed, permanently configured (e.g., hardwired) or temporarilyconfigured (e.g., programmed) to operate in a certain manner and/or toperform certain operations described herein. Considering embodiments inwhich hardware modules are temporarily configured (e.g., programmed),each of the hardware modules need not be configured or instantiated atany one instance in time. For example, where the hardware modulescomprise a general-purpose processor configured using software, thegeneral-purpose processor may be configured as respective differenthardware modules at different times. Software may accordingly configurea processor, for example, to constitute a particular hardware module atone instance of time and to constitute a different hardware module at adifferent instance of time.

Hardware modules can provide information to, and receive informationfrom, other hardware modules. Accordingly, the described hardwaremodules may be regarded as being communicatively coupled. Where multipleof such hardware modules exist contemporaneously, communications may beachieved through signal transmission (e.g., over appropriate circuitsand buses) that connects the hardware modules. In embodiments in whichmultiple hardware modules are configured or instantiated at differenttimes, communications between such hardware modules may be achieved, forexample, through the storage and retrieval of information in memorystructures to which the multiple hardware modules have access. Forexample, one hardware module may perform an operation and store theoutput of that operation in a memory device to which it iscommunicatively coupled. A further hardware module may then, at a latertime, access the memory device to retrieve and process the storedoutput. Hardware modules may also initiate communications with input oroutput devices, and can operate on a resource (e.g., a collection ofinformation).

The various operations of example methods described herein may beperformed, at least partially, by one or more processors that aretemporarily configured (e.g., by software) or permanently configured toperform the relevant operations. Whether temporarily or permanentlyconfigured, such processors may constitute processor-implemented modulesthat operate to perform one or more operations or functions. The modulesreferred to herein may, in some example embodiments, compriseprocessor-implemented modules.

Similarly, the methods described herein may be at least partiallyprocessor-implemented. For example, at least some of the operations of amethod may be performed by one or processors or processor-implementedmodules. The performance of certain of the operations may be distributedamong the one or more processors, not only residing within a singlemachine, but deployed across a number of machines. In some exampleembodiments, the processor or processors may be located in a singlelocation (e.g., within an office environment or as a server farm), whilein other embodiments the processors may be distributed across a numberof locations. In certain examples, at least a portion of theprocessor-implemented operations can be performed on the sensor devices,such as sensor device 10.

The one or more processors may also operate to support performance ofthe relevant operations in a network-based (e.g. cloud) computingenvironment or as “software as a service” (SaaS). For example, at leastsome of the operations may be performed by a group of computers (asexamples of machines including processors), with these operations beingaccessible via a network (e.g., the Internet) and via one or moreappropriate interfaces (e.g., APIs).

Electronic Apparatus and System

Example embodiments may be implemented in digital electronic circuitry,or in computer hardware, firmware, software, or in combinations of them.Example embodiments may be implemented using a computer program product,for example, a computer program tangibly embodied in an informationcarrier, for example, in a machine-readable medium for execution by, orto control the operation of, data processing apparatus, for example, aprogrammable processor, a computer, or multiple computers.

A computer program can be written in any form of programming language,including compiled or interpreted languages, and it can be deployed inany form, including as a stand-alone program or as a module, subroutine,or other unit suitable for use in a computing environment. A computerprogram can be deployed to be executed on one computer or on multiplecomputers at one site or distributed across multiple sites andinterconnected by a communication network.

In example embodiments, operations may be performed by one or moreprogrammable processors executing a computer program to performfunctions by operating on input data and generating output. Methodoperations can also be performed by, and apparatus of exampleembodiments may be implemented as, special purpose logic circuitry(e.g., a FPGA or an ASIC).

The computing system can include clients and servers. A client andserver are generally remote from each other and typically interactthrough a communication network. The relationship of client and serverarises by virtue of computer programs running on the respectivecomputers and having a client-server relationship to each other. Inembodiments deploying a programmable computing system, it will beappreciated that both hardware and software architectures requireconsideration. Specifically, it will be appreciated that the choice ofwhether to implement certain functionality in permanently configuredhardware (e.g., an ASIC), in temporarily configured hardware (e.g., acombination of software and a programmable processor), or a combinationof permanently and temporarily configured hardware may be a designchoice. Below are set out hardware (e.g., machine) and softwarearchitectures that may be deployed, in various example embodiments.

Example Machine Architecture and Machine-Readable Medium

FIG. 15 is a block diagram of machine in the example form of a computersystem 1500 within which instructions, for causing the machine toperform any one or more of the methodologies discussed herein, may beexecuted. In alternative embodiments, the machine operates as astandalone device or may be connected (e.g., networked) to othermachines. In a networked deployment, the machine may operate in thecapacity of a server or a client machine in server-client networkenvironment, or as a peer machine in a peer-to-peer (or distributed)network environment. The machine may be a personal computer (PC), atablet PC, a set-top box (STB), a PDA, a cellular telephone, a webappliance, a network router, switch or bridge, or any machine capable ofexecuting instructions (sequential or otherwise) that specify actions tobe taken by that machine. Further, while only a single machine isillustrated, the term “machine” shall also be taken to include anycollection of machines that individually or jointly execute a set (ormultiple sets) of instructions to perform any one or more of themethodologies discussed herein.

The example computer system 1500 includes a processor 1502 (e.g., acentral processing unit (CPU), a graphics processing unit (GPU) orboth), a main memory 1504 and a static memory 1506, which communicatewith each other via a bus 1508. The computer system 1500 may furtherinclude a video display unit 1510 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD)or a cathode ray tube (CRT)). The computer system 1500 also includes analphanumeric input device 1512 (e.g., a keyboard), a user interface (UI)navigation device 1514 (e.g., a mouse), a disk drive unit 1516, a signalgeneration device 1518 (e.g., a speaker) and a network interface device1520.

Machine-Readable Medium

The disk drive unit 1516 includes a machine-readable medium 1522 onwhich is stored one or more sets of instructions and data structures(e.g., software) 1524 embodying or used by any one or more of themethodologies or functions described herein. The instructions 1524 mayalso reside, completely or at least partially, within the main memory1504, static memory 1506, and/or within the processor 1502 duringexecution thereof by the computer system 1500, the main memory 1504 andthe processor 1502 also constituting machine-readable media.

While the machine-readable medium 1522 is shown in an example embodimentto be a single medium, the term “machine-readable medium” may include asingle medium or multiple media (e.g., a centralized or distributeddatabase, and/or associated caches and servers) that store the one ormore instructions or data structures. The term “machine-readable medium”shall also be taken to include any tangible medium that is capable ofstoring, encoding or carrying instructions for execution by the machineand that cause the machine to perform any one or more of themethodologies of the present invention, or that is capable of storing,encoding or carrying data structures used by or associated with suchinstructions. The term “machine-readable medium” shall accordingly betaken to include, but not be limited to, solid-state memories, andoptical and magnetic media. Specific examples of machine-readable mediainclude non-volatile memory, including by way of example, semiconductormemory devices (e.g., Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM),Electrically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM)) and flashmemory devices; magnetic disks such as internal hard disks and removabledisks; magneto-optical disks; and CD-ROM and DVD-ROM disks.

Transmission Medium

The instructions 1524 may further be transmitted or received over acommunications network 1526 using a transmission medium. Theinstructions 1524 may be transmitted using the network interface device1520 and any one of a number of well-known transfer protocols (e.g.,HTTP). Examples of communication networks include a LAN, a WAN, theInternet, mobile telephone networks, Plain Old Telephone (POTS)networks, and wireless data networks (e.g., WiFi and WiMax networks).The term “transmission medium” shall be taken to include any intangiblemedium that is capable of storing, encoding or carrying instructions forexecution by the machine, and includes digital or analog communicationssignals or other intangible media to facilitate communication of suchsoftware.

Although the present invention has been described with reference tospecific example embodiments, it will be evident that variousmodifications and changes may be made to these embodiments withoutdeparting from the broader spirit and scope of the invention.Accordingly, the specification and drawings are to be regarded in anillustrative rather than a restrictive sense.

Although an embodiment has been described with reference to specificexample embodiments, it will be evident that various modifications andchanges may be made to these embodiments without departing from thebroader spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, thespecification and drawings are to be regarded in an illustrative ratherthan a restrictive sense. The accompanying drawings that form a parthereof, show by way of illustration, and not of limitation, specificembodiments in which the subject matter may be practiced. Theembodiments illustrated are described in sufficient detail to enablethose skilled in the art to practice the teachings disclosed herein.Other embodiments may be used and derived therefrom, such thatstructural and logical substitutions and changes may be made withoutdeparting from the scope of this disclosure. This Detailed Description,therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope ofvarious embodiments is defined only by the appended claims, along withthe full range of equivalents to which such claims are entitled.

Such embodiments of the inventive subject matter may be referred toherein, individually and/or collectively, by the term “invention” merelyfor convenience and without intending to voluntarily limit the scope ofthis application to any single invention or inventive concept if morethan one is in fact disclosed. Thus, although specific embodiments havebeen illustrated and described herein, it should be appreciated that anyarrangement calculated to achieve the same purpose may be substitutedfor the specific embodiments shown. This disclosure is intended to coverany and all adaptations or variations of various embodiments.Combinations of the above embodiments, and other embodiments notspecifically described herein, will be apparent to those of skill in theart upon reviewing the above description.

All publications, patents, and patent documents referred to in thisdocument are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety, asthough individually incorporated by reference. In the event ofinconsistent usages between this document and those documents soincorporated by reference, the usage in the incorporated reference(s)should be considered supplementary to that of this document; forirreconcilable inconsistencies, the usage in this document controls.

In this document, the terms “a” or “an” are used, as is common in patentdocuments, to include one or more than one, independent of any otherinstances or usages of “at least one” or “one or more.” In thisdocument, the term “or” is used to refer to a nonexclusive or, such that“A or B” includes “A but not B,” “B but not A,” and “A and B,” unlessotherwise indicated. In the appended claims, the terms “including” and“in which” are used as the plain-English equivalents of the respectiveterms “comprising” and “wherein.” Also, in the following claims, theterms “including” and “comprising” are open-ended; that is, a system,device, article, or process that includes elements in addition to thoselisted after such a term in a claim are still deemed to fall within thescope of that claim. Moreover, in the following claims, the terms“first,” “second,” and “third,” and so forth are used merely as labels,and are not intended to impose numerical requirements on their objects.

The Abstract of the Disclosure is provided to comply with 37 C.F.R.§1.72(b), requiring an abstract that will allow the reader to quicklyascertain the nature of the technical disclosure. It is submitted withthe understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit thescope or meaning of the claims. In addition, in the foregoing DetailedDescription, it can be seen that various features are grouped togetherin a single embodiment for the purpose of streamlining the disclosure.This method of disclosure is not to be interpreted as reflecting anintention that the claimed embodiments require more features than areexpressly recited in each claim. Rather, as the following claimsreflect, inventive subject matter lies in less than all features of asingle disclosed embodiment. Thus the following claims are herebyincorporated into the Detailed Description, with each claim standing onits own as a separate embodiment.

1. An impact detection device for detecting impact to a body part of auser, the device comprising: a circuit board including impact detectioncircuitry comprising: at least two sensors, the at least two sensorscomprising a first accelerometer and at least one of a gyroscope and asecond accelerometer; a communication circuit to transmit data capturedby the at least two sensors to a mobile device; and an integrated maleUSB connector comprising an extended portion of the circuit board with aplurality of connector pins disposed within a surface of the extendedportion of the circuit board; a component having a first section and asecond section connected by a flex zone, a portion of the circuit boardexcluding the integrated male USB connector secured to the firstsection, wherein the component includes a length, a width, and athickness, where the length and the width are substantially greater thanthe thickness to create a major surface to abut an external body partand the flex zone extends along the width to allow bending of the majorsurface at least between the first second and the second section, andwherein the flex zone allows for deflection of the second section withrespect to the first section; a battery mounted to the second section toallow the battery to flex relative to the circuit board; and a moldingfor housing the circuit board, the battery and the component, whereinthe housing is shaped and dimensioned for mounting to the body part ofthe user.
 2. The impact detection device of claim 1, wherein thecomponent, the circuit board, and the battery form a unified andcontinuous unit including at least one contiguous surface.
 3. The impactdetection device of claim 2, wherein the formable battery is at leastpartially encapsulated by the component; and wherein the component is amolded polymer material.
 4. (canceled)
 5. The impact detection device ofclaim 1, wherein the molding consists of a malleable semi-translucentmaterial providing environmental protection.
 6. The impact detectiondevice of claim 1, wherein the at least two sensors collect linearacceleration and rotational velocity data.
 7. The impact detectiondevice of claim 1, wherein the circuit board further includes amagnetometer.
 8. The impact detection device of claim 1, wherein thecomponent includes a locating feature for a button actuator.
 9. Theimpact detection device of claim 8, wherein the button actuator isadapted to engage a push button on the circuit board.
 10. The impactdetection device of claim 1, wherein the battery is bendable and retainsa bent shape.
 11. The impact detection device of claim 1, wherein theformable battery conforms to a curvature induced by location of use. 12.The impact detection device of claim 1, wherein the second section ofthe component is formed with an initial angle with respect to thecircuit board.
 13. The impact detection device of claim 12, wherein thesecond section is flexible in angular orientation with respect to thecircuit board from the initial angle to approximately a positive 10degrees and a negative 20 degrees.
 14. An impact detection device fordetecting impact to a body part of a user, the device comprising: acircuit board including impact detection circuitry comprising: at leasttwo sensors, the at least two sensors comprising a first accelerometerand at least one of a gyroscope and a second accelerometer; and acommunication circuit to transmit data captured by the at least twosensors to an external computing device; and an integrated male USBconnector comprising an extended portion of the circuit board with aplurality of connector pins disposed within a surface of the extendedportion of the circuit board; a first molding having a first section anda second section connected by a flex zone, the first section at leastpartially encapsulating the circuit board, wherein the first moldingincludes a length, a width, and a thickness, where the length and thewidth are substantially greater than the thickness to create a majorsurface to abut an external body part and the flex zone extends alongthe width to allow bending of the major surface at least between thefirst second and the second section, and wherein the flex zone allowsfor deflection of the second section with respect to the first section;a battery at least partially encapsulated by the second section to allowthe battery to flex relative to the circuit board; and a second moldingfor at least partially encapsulating the circuit board, the battery andthe first molding, wherein the second molding is shaped and dimensionedfor mounting to the body part of the user.
 15. The impact detectiondevice of claim 14, wherein the communication circuit includes awireless transmission circuit to wirelessly transmit sensor data to anexternal computing device.
 16. The impact detection device of claim 14,wherein the circuit board includes an integral USB connector.
 17. Theimpact detection device of claim 16, wherein the communication circuitincludes USB circuitry to enable wired communications with an externalcomputing device via the integral USB connector.
 18. An impact detectiondevice for detecting impact to a body part of a user, the devicecomprising: a circuit board including impact detection circuitrycomprising: at least two sensors configured to collect at least linearacceleration and rotational velocity data related to an impact event;and a communication circuit to transmit data captured by the at leasttwo sensors to an external computing device; and an integrated male USBconnector comprising an extended portion of the circuit board with aplurality of connector pins disposed within a surface of the extendedportion of the circuit board; a component having a first section and asecond section connected by a flex zone, the first section at leastpartially encapsulating the circuit board, wherein the componentincludes a length, a width, and a thickness, where the length and thewidth are substantially greater than the thickness to create a majorsurface to abut an external body part and the flex zone extends alongthe width to allow bending of the major surface at least between thefirst section and the second section, and wherein the flex zone allowsfor deflection of the second section with respect to the first section;a battery secured to the second section to allow the battery to flexrelative to the circuit board; and a molding for housing the circuitboard, the battery and the component, wherein the housing is shaped anddimensioned for mounting to the body part of the user.
 19. The impactdetection device of claim 18, wherein the at least two sensors includean accelerometer and a gyroscope.
 20. The impact detection device ofclaim 18, wherein the at least two sensors include two accelerometersmounted to the circuit board with some spatial separation.